Sawtry originally got its name from the fact that it was a trading centre for salt, an essential commodity in the Middle Ages. There was also a Cistercian monastery founded in 1147 by Simon de Senlis. It took 98 years to complete and ministered to the local area both spiritually and physically at the hospital. This was demolished in 1540 during the Dissolution of the Monasteries as part of the English Reformation, although traces of the Abbey still remain.
Sawtry is twinned with the Gemeinde Weimar region in Germany.
During the dark ages, Sawtry was divided into three 'Sawtries' - the 3 parishes of All Saints, St. Andrew and St. Judith.
The sub-soil of Sawtry is mainly Oxford clay. A considerable area is fen land which has now been drained. The main portion of Sawtry Fen was included in the Great Level Drainage undertaking of the Earl of Bedford in the 17th century.
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